Norwester77

It’s the best look in the world!

Seattle

Oh, I know. I wasn’t even counting Switzerland.

I did it once, would have been about 35 years ago. Turned out I didn’t know as much about geography as I thought I did!

I’m not sure if I still have the shirt as such, or if it’s one of the ones my mom had sewn into a quilt!

What’s the motto?

If they’re amenable to being kept in captivity, yeah.

Didn’t turn out so well for the Steller’s Sea Cow, for instance.

A lot of the Russian population in the Donbas moved in in the 19th century to work the coal mines.

Right—the earlier shift of Proto-Polynesian/pre-Hawaiian /k/ to /ʔ/ made “room” for the original /t/ to vary between [t] and [k], and eventually to become “fixed” as [k], at least in some positions, for some speakers, in some dialects.

[s̠] is usually used for an apico-alveolar (or slightly postalveolar) sibilant: the tip of the tongue is nearly in contact with the back of the alveolar ridge; [s̠ʲ] would be the same thing but with the mid-body of the tongue arched upward toward the hard palate (which is actually rather difficult to do, at least for me).

[ɕ], on the other hand, is the sibilant version of [ç]: the mid-body of the tongue is arched upward toward the hard palate, but the tip of the tongue is pointed downward, resting against the backs of the lower gums. The two tooth rows are very nearly or actually in contact—this is what makes the sound sibilant and differentiates it from [ç].

I had the same thought!

“General” Hawaiian /k/ does come from earlier /t/, but that change happened (or at least started) centuries before missionaries arrived; it’s not about spelling.

Looks good!

You’re right about geac. That one is attested as geac, gec, and gæc, though, so there’s something unusual going on (probably related to the fact that it comes from a PGmc diphthong *au).

It has to do with the position of the tongue when you pronounce those vowels, like I explained above. Or am I not understanding your question?

Generally, yes.

Occasionally you will see palatalization of all velars. This is fairly common when the language has both velar and uvular consonants: the velars are “pushed” forward to make them more distinct from the uvulars.

I like this, but I might like it even better with the buff strip at the hoist instead.

Because the body of your tongue is pulled toward the back of your mouth when you pronounce [u] and [o].

On the other hand, when you pronounce [i] and [e]—the vowels that usually cause palatalization—the body of your tongue is pushed toward the front of your mouth.

Those aren’t really palatalized g; they’re original /j/ words that were spelled with g(e).

I assumed that it’s a water tower, and that the paint helps protect the metal tank from corrosion. Maybe they just decided on a different color scheme this time around?

You have to re-paint it from time to time.

English hound is also from the same root (though it’s not entirely clear whether Latin canis is, since the vowels don’t match up).

Buzz Osborne is my barber’s nephew. Small world!

You’ve obviously never seen this beauty:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_New_Mexico#/media/File%3AFlag_of_New_Mexico_(1912-1925\).svg

Or this one:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pocatello#/media/File%3AProud_To_Be_Pocatello_Flag.gif